COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID refers to persistent or recurring health problems after the infection, which may include fatigue, cognitive difficulties, breathlessness and other symptoms. Acute infection and Long COVID are different clinical situations and should not be treated as interchangeable.
HBOT research in Long COVID has produced mixed results. A 2022 randomized trial using 40 sessions reported improvements in several cognitive and symptom measures. The 2025 HOT-LoCO trial, using ten sessions, found no significant advantage over sham treatment on its primary physical-function outcomes at 13 weeks. Differences in participants, protocols and outcomes mean the studies cannot be treated as equivalent.
HBOT remains investigational for Long COVID. These findings do not establish that it prevents death from acute COVID-19 or that it will help every person with persistent symptoms. Assessment should consider other explanations for symptoms, existing care and the practical demands of repeated treatment.
A progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, thinking and the ability to manage daily life.
A neurodevelopmental condition involving differences in communication, sensory processing and behaviour.
Delayed brain tissue injury after radiation therapy that can cause swelling and neurological symptoms.
A complex illness causing severe fatigue, reduced activity tolerance and worsening symptoms after exertion.
A chronic pain disorder causing severe pain, sensitivity and changes in a limb after injury or surgery.
COVID-19 is a viral illness; Long COVID involves persistent or recurring symptoms after the acute infection.
A neurological disorder characterized by a tendency to have recurrent, unprovoked seizures.
A rare disorder causing episodes of burning pain, redness and warmth, usually in the feet or hands.
A rapidly spreading bacterial infection that destroys muscle and soft tissue and requires emergency care.
Neurological headache disorders that can cause severe pain, nausea, sensory sensitivity and repeated attacks.
A serious collection of infection inside the skull that can affect the brain and neurological function.
A tick-borne bacterial infection that can affect the skin, joints, nervous system and other organs.
An immune-mediated disease of the brain and spinal cord that can affect movement, sensation, vision and energy.
Rapidly spreading infections that destroy skin, fascia and other soft tissues and require emergency care.
A persistent or recurring bone infection that has not resolved despite appropriate standard treatment.
Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause numbness, tingling, burning pain, weakness or balance problems.
Persistent symptoms after a concussion, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue and cognitive difficulties.
Reactivation of the chickenpox virus causing a painful blistering rash and sometimes persistent nerve pain.
Brain injury caused by interrupted blood flow or bleeding, potentially affecting movement, speech and thinking.
Brain injury caused by an external force, ranging from concussion to severe neurological impairment.
Brain injury and trauma-related stress can cause lasting cognitive, emotional, sleep and physical symptoms.
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